Summary
The video explains that DNA in cells faces numerous damages daily, which can lead to serious issues such as cancer and mutations. Different forms of errors, like base mismatches and double strand breaks, can occur and are typically repaired by specialized enzymes within cells. It emphasizes the crucial role DNA repair processes play in maintaining DNA integrity to prevent health problems like cancer.
DNA Damage
The DNA in cells undergoes tens of thousands of damages daily, leading to quintillions of errors daily. Damage can result in serious issues like cancer and mutations.
Protein Damage
Damaged proteins in cells can cause problems such as cancer. Errors come in different forms like incorrect nucleotide matching and DNA sections mixing up.
DNA Repair Pathways
Cells have specialized enzymes for repairing DNA errors. Common errors like base mismatches and mismatch repair help fix issues every hundred thousand additions.
Chemical Damage to Nucleotides
Various molecules like those in tobacco smoke and hydrogen peroxide can chemically alter nucleotides. Specific enzymes are responsible for reversing the damage caused by these molecules.
UV Light Damage
UV light can distort the DNA's double helix shape, requiring nucleotide excision repair to replace damaged bases with fresh ones.
Double Strand Breaks
Double strand breaks are repaired through pathways like homologous recombination, using undamaged DNA as a template, or non-homologous end joining, which directly fuses broken ends.
Genetic Changes
Changes to DNA, like gene mixing or movement, can occur due to repair processes. While not always bad, maintaining DNA integrity is crucial to prevent issues like cancer.
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