Chemistry, Lecture 1, October 7, 2018

Introduction to the chemistry curriculum which covers the study of matter and energy, physical properties, mass, volume, and density.

Explanation of physical and chemical properties of matter, including examples of physical changes like melting and burning, as well as chemical changes like burning, corroding, and oxidizing.

Differentiation between substances and mixtures, with a focus on homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures, and the concept of constant composition in substances.

Definition of elements and compounds, showcasing examples of elements and compounds such as hydrogen, oxygen, water, and hydrogen peroxide.

Explanation of the law of conservation of mass and the relationship between reactants and products in chemical reactions, illustrated with examples.

Overview of the development of the atomic theory, including the contributions of Democritus, Lavoisier, Dalton, and Thomson in understanding atoms and matter.

Description of J.J. Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom, emphasizing the discovery of the electron and the positive charge in atoms.

Explanation of Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment demonstrating the existence of the atomic nucleus and the structure of the atom.

Discusses the thinness of the phosphor coating used for recording data and the process of looking for fluorescent pieces to record data.

Describes the diffused positive behavior of the syrupy ball during data recording.

Explains the deflections of electrons and the challenges in explaining their behavior.

Details the revision of the atomic model by Rutherford due to deflections and the concept of a small, dense, positive nucleus.

Discusses the issues with the Thomson model and the need for revision.

Explains how to calculate the average atomic mass of elements with isotopes.

Discusses the relationship between ions, protons, and electrons in atoms.

Details how atoms aim to achieve noble gas configurations for stability.

Explains Niels Bohr's model of the atom, including energy levels, shells, and quantized energy.

Describes electron orbitals and the modern conception of electron distribution in atoms.

Provides information on the periodic table, the organization of elements, and properties of metals and nonmetals.

Discusses trends in the periodic table, including size, ionization energy, and electronegativity.