1.2 The Birth of Modern Philosophy

Exploration of why philosophy emerged in ancient Greece, moving away from religious myths to understand the world through reason. Key philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and pre-Socratic thinkers contributed to this shift.

Discussion on the various philosophical schools in ancient Greece, including Plato's Academy and Aristotle's school. Mention of influential philosophers like Piro and the impact of Roman rule on philosophy.

After the closure of Plato's Academy and the burning of ancient writings, the rediscovery of philosophical texts in the Renaissance period led to a resurgence of interest in ancient Greek philosophy. Scholars fleeing Constantinople brought hidden manuscripts to the West, sparking a new era of philosophical exploration.

The period of exploration, trade, and discovery in the Renaissance, including the mapping of the new world and economic changes due to the influx of silver. This era challenged traditional views, particularly in relation to Aristotle's teachings.

The impact of the Reformation, led by figures like Luther, on religious beliefs and practices in Europe. Discussion on indulgences and the subsequent wars that ensued, leading to a compromise in the German lands regarding the religion of the prince.

Exploration of the problem of the criterion, where individuals debate the criteria for truth and reliability in various contexts, such as interpreting texts like the Bible. Emphasis on the challenge of establishing a reliable criterion for knowledge, as highlighted by ancient skeptics.