Summary
Cells, from amoebas to humans, are fundamentally composed of protoplasm enclosed by a cell membrane. Various organelles within a cell such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and chloroplasts each play distinct roles in energy production, packaging, and photosynthesis. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, which is vital for cell repair, transportation, and enzyme functions. DNA, housed within chromosomes, carries genetic information encoded as nucleotides, ultimately determining traits like eye color and skin tone through protein creation.
Structure of Cells
All cells, including unicellular organisms like amoebas, are composed of a gelatinous living substance called protoplasm. The protoplasm is surrounded by a flexible membrane called the cell membrane, which controls the flow of substances in and out of the cell.
Organelles and Functions
Cells contain various organelles that perform specific functions. These organelles include mitochondria, responsible for energy storage and production; Golgi apparatus, where packaging and processing occur; and chloroplasts in plant cells, essential for photosynthesis.
Cellular Reproduction and Protein Synthesis
Cells undergo reproduction processes and produce proteins within the ribosomes. Proteins play crucial roles in cell repair, transport, and enzyme functions. The genetic information stored in chromosomes guides the cell in protein synthesis.
DNA and Genetic Code
The DNA within chromosomes contains genetic information encoded in a sequence of nucleotides (A, G, T, C) forming a genetic code. This code instructs the cell on protein creation, determining traits like eye color and skin tone.
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